Human Physiology (Biol 236)
Exam Outline

Chapter 11 Outline (Respiratory Physiology) (updated 3/28/22)
• Know the structures involved in the conduction zone (oral & nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles)
• Know the structures involved in the respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs)
• Know the difference between alveolar type 1 and type 2 cells.
• What is "surfactant" and what influence does it have on surface tension within the alveolar sacs?
• What is IRDS versus ARDS?
• What does the diaphragm do during inhalation to change thoracic and lung volume? What does this do to intrapulmonary air pressure?
• What does the diaphragm do during exnhalation to change thoracic and lung volume? What does this do to intrapulmonary air pressure?
• Understand how air moves along pressure "gradients" from high to low.
• Understand the influence of "Boyle's Law" on changes in air pressure with changing volumes of a closed chamber (like the lungs).
• What happens to intrapulmonary pressure - relative to atmospheric pressure outside the lungs - when we inhale versus when we exhale? *This change in air pressure is related to changes in volume of the thoracic cavity - which can be changed by respiratory muscles contracting or relaxing.
• What issurface tension, compliance, and recoil with respect to the lungs?
• Know the 2 membranes associated with the lungs (visceral and parietal pleura)
• What is surface tension with respect to the lung alveoli (repeated from above)?
• What is the danger with a pneumothorax (what is happening to the intrapleural space) ?

• Know the following respiratory disorders (and whether they are restrictive or obstructive):
- pulmonary fibrosis (and some causes of it - silicosis, anthracosis, mesothelioma, & smoking)
- asthma
- COPD
- emphysema
- cystic fibrosis

• Know respiratory vocabulary (apnea, dyspnea, eupnea, hyperventilation, hypoventilation)
• How is gas exchange regulated at lung alveoli and the pulmonary arteries - depending on partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and pressures of carbon dioxide (PCO2)?
• How is gas exchange regulated at tissues and arterial capillaries - depending on partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and pressures of carbon dioxide (PCO2)? See Figure 16.22

• How is respiration regulated by the brain stem?
- Voluntary control (by primary motor cortex or precentral gyrus)
- Involuntary control (by medulla and pons)
• What are the main "chemoreceptors" that sense changes in blood pH?
• If your blood pH drops too low (respiratory acidosis), what will your medulla do to minute ventilation to fix it?
• If you blood pH rises too high (respiratory alkalosis), what will your medulla do to minute ventillation to fix it?
• What are some causes of metabolic acidosis? Of metabolic alkalosis?

• What is oxyhemoglobin versus deoxyhemoglobin?
• What are disorders of hemoglobin"?
- carboxyhemoglobin
- methemoglobin (inlcuding blue-baby syndrome)
- neonatal jaundice
- sickle cell anemia

Clinical Apps (embedded within the PowerPoint):
Pneumothorax
Carbon Monoxide poisoning and formation of carboxyhemoglobin
Neonatal jaundice

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