Human Physiology (Biol 236)
Exam Outline

Ch 16 Outline: Contraception and STDs updated June 25, 2025.
1. Abstinence
2. Avoidance: cervical mucus, body temp, and calendar methods, & coitus interuptus
3. Barrier methods
> male & female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, the sponge
> Spermicides (vaginal contraceptive film, suppositories, the sponge)
4. "Permanent" methods: vasectomy & tubaligation
6. Hormonal birth control:
• How does the hormonal pill work? (know the 28-day pill, versus seasonalle)
• Hormonal injection (depo-provera)
• Hormonal implants (Nexplanon)
• Hormonal patch (Xulane & Twirla) (use new patch each week for 3 weeks, then go patchless for a week OR can go continuous by keeping patch on for 4 weeks)
• Hormonal ring:
> Nuvaring - use active ring for 3 weeks, then go without ring for 1 week if want period
> Annovera - good for 1 year
• How does the hormonal IUD (Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla) work versus the copper IUD (Paragard)?
• How does the "morning after pill" [Plan B (levanorgestrel) OR Ella (ulipristal acetate)] work?
Abortion pill
• How does RU-486 (mifepristone) work? What is cytotec (miaoprostol) used for?

Male Birth Control
• Vasalgel

Reproductive STDs:
• Bacterial STDs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphillis) - be able to match the bacteria name with the diseaes it causes.
• Viral STDs (HPV, HIV, Herpes)
• Non viral or bacterial STDs (trichomoniasis, jock itch, yeast infection, pubic lice)
• Based on the pyramid of STD incidence in the USA, how are these STDs ranked from more common to least common?

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