Male Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology
• Know external genitals: scrotum, foreskin (or prepuce)
• Know internal structures:
- cells of seminiferous tubules of testes (leydig cells, sertoli cells, and spermatogonia)
- testes, epididymis,
- sperm transport tubes (vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)
- secretory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands - and what those glands produce)
- cremaster muscle
• What is cryptorchidism?
• What is circumcision?
• What is the process of steroidogenesis in males?
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- pituitary secretes FSH & LH (know that FSH stimulates sperm maturation, and LH causes leydig cells to make testosterone)
• Know the entire process of arousal and erection involving nitric oxide?
• What is erectile dysfunction (ED)?
- What are some ED treatments?
- How do the ED treatments (like Viagra, Cialis, or Levitra) work?
- What are the surgical ED treatments (semirigid malleable rod and inflatable balloon)
• What is priapism?
• What is are the qualities of sperm (motility and shape) that allow fertility?
• What are some causes of male infertility? (Be able to answer as short answer question)
• What is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
• What are some ways to detect prostate cancer? (Know PSA blood test, and genetic BRCA test)
• What is andropause?

Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
• What are the external genitalia? (labia major and minor, clitoris)
• What are the components of the uterus? [fallopian tubes, cervix, endometrium, & myometrium]
• How does the uterus myometrium (muscle layer) respond to prostaglandin & oxytocin? (causes contractions of uterus)
• What is an episiotomy? (controlled cut in the vagina & vestibule to prevent uncontrolled tearing during childbirth)
• What is a clitorectomy and infibulation?
• What is endometriosis? (migration of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus)
• What is an ectopic pregnancy? (implantation of embryo anyplace other than the uterus endometrium)
• What is a PAP smear? (used to detect abnormal cells, and possibly cancer, of the cervix)
• What is HPV? (Human Papilloma Virus - infects half of all sexually active adults)

• Know the maturation process of oogenesis
- FSH from pituitary stimulates egg (and follicle) maturation.
- A secondary oocyte (1n) within a Graafian follicle is what is ovulated (due to pituitary LH stimulation).
- the Graafian follicle remains behind within the ovary to become a corpus luteum, secreting progesterone.
• What is mittelshmertz? (pain felt with ovulation)

• If the ovulated egg is NOT fertilized:
- what happens to the corpus luteum by day 28 of the menstrual cycle? (it dies and stops making progesterone, causing the endometrial lining of the uterus to break down)
- what does the endometrium secrete that causes menstrual cramps to expel menstrual tissue and blood? (prostaglandin)

• IF the ovulated egg IS fertilized?
- what does the developing embryo secrete that "rescues" the corpus luteum? (hCG)

• In a 28-day menstrual cycle:
- When is the egg developing in the ovary (days 1 -13)
- When is the egg ovulated? (day 14)
- When is the corpus luteum making progesterone? (days 15 - 28)
- When is menstruation? (days 1-5)
- what is the function of prostaglandin (secreted by uterus endometrium) - stimulate menstrual cramps to expel blood and tissue during period

• What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?v (multiple fluid filled follicles form, causing pain and damage to the ovary)
• What are some things that increase risk for ovarian cancer? (Be able to list some for a short answer question)
• What are some things that decrease risk for ovarian cancer? (Be able to list some for a short answer question)
• How does a mutation in the BRCA-1 gene increase risk for breast and ovarian cancer?
• What is the CA-125 test? (Cancer antigen 125 levels that are high are associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer)
• What is menopause?
• What are some cause of female infertility? (Be able to list some for a short answer question)

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