Contraception
• What are the major forms of "birth control" widely used?
1. Abstinence
2. Avoidance: calendar method, body temperature method, & coitus interuptus
3. Barrier methods: male & female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap
4. Spermicides
5. "Permanent" methods: vasectomy & tubaligation
6. Hormonal birth control:
• How does the hormonal pill work?
• What are some forms of hormonal injection birth control? (lunelle & depo-provera)
• Hormonal implants?
• How does the hormonal patch (Ortho Evra) work? (use active ring for 3 weeks, then go without ring for 1 week)
• How does an IUD work? What does the copper in an IUD do? What does the progesterone in an IUD do?
• How does the cervical ring (NuvaRing) work?
• How does the "morning after pill" (Plan B or levanorgestrel) work?
• How does RU-486 (mifepristone) work? Is it an abortifacient? What is cytotec?

Male Birth Control
• COSO
• Vasalgel
• Hormonal forms (testosterone pill, patch, or injection) - how do they work?


Reproductive Diseases (STDs):
• Bacterial STDs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphillis)
• Viral STDs (HPV, HIV, Herpes)
• STDs from protozoans, fungi, and parasites.
• Based on the pyramid of STD incidence in the USA, how are these STDs ranked from more common to least common?

Endocrine Disrupting Contaminants
• Who was Rachel Carson, & what book did she publish?
• What are lethal vs sublethal effects of contaminants?
• What is biological magnification?
• What is DDT? What threat did/does it pose to birds of prey (i.e. eagles, osprey) and their reproduction?

• What are some known EDCs we covered, and KNOW whether they are estrogenic, androgenic, or inhibit those hormones.
- DDT
- Atrazine
- PCBs
- Phthalates
- BPA
- Pulp mill effluent
- Nitrate

• Phthalates
- Where are they found?
- What are some effects, in humans, of phthalate exposure?
- Be able to list some products which contain phthalates.

• Bisphenol A (or polycarbonate plastic or BPA)?
- Where is it found?

• DDT
- What are the effects of DDT on male alligators in Lake Apopka Florida, compared to male alligators found in a "clean" Lake Woodruff?

Lake Apopka	Lake Woodruff
70 - -90% egg mortality	10% egg mortality
males w/50% smaller penis	normal penis
less testosterone	normal testosterone
less DHT	normal DHT
more estrogen	little to no estrogen
"feminized" males	normal males

• Pulp Mill Effluent and Fish
- What effect did exposure to pulp mill effluent have on female mosquitofish in Fenholloway River as compared to fish found in the "clean" Ecofina River?
- What is a gonopodium?

• Atrazine
- What is the EPA limit for atrazine in human drinking water?
- What were the effects of atrazine exposure on male frogs, according to Tyrone Hayes?

• Nitrate
- What is nitrate?
- What is the EPA limit for nitrate in human drinking water?
- What is the average nitrate level in drinking water of South Carolina?

- What is the effect of nitrate exposure in the following:
› humans
› rodents
› bulls
› alligators
› fish
› frog tadpoles (juvenile frogs)

For my study on adult frogs:
- What was the effect of nitrate on ovarian estrogen and testosterone production?
- What was the effect of nitrate on the oviducts?

- Scientists at the Agricultural Research Station of the USDA in Florence, SC have developed a technique to remove nitrogen (nitrate) from wastewater (i.e. hog lagoons). What bacteria will play an important role in removal of nitrogen from wastewater?

- Scientists at the Agricultural Research Station of the USDA in Florence, SC have developed a technique to remove hormones (such as estrogen) from agricultural and urban wastewater. What is the enzyme "green catalyst" that makes this possible?

---